Bruce Bryan demonstrated a glowing cocktail drink (top left), and tempted us with fluorescent cake frosting (top right). The chocolate surprise boxes included a lollipop (bottom left) and I was quite busy sucking the lollipop, listening to the translation of the Belgian/French/Spanish contributions, taking notes and photographing at the same time (bottom right).

The chocolate surprise box was one of the highlights at The Flemish Primitives that I’ve blogged about three times already. As I promised you in the last post I’d come back to the lollipop that was included in the box. Between chocolates number 2 and 3 Bruce Bryan entered the stage. The lights went off, we were instructed to suck intensely on the lollipos and then – when I took the lollipop out of my mouth it was glowing! I was sitting in the front row, but as I turned around I saw a fully packed auditorium of people sticking out their glowing tongues and holding a glowing lollipop in their hands. The only sound you could hear was a whispering choir of “wows”. That was quite amazing!

Bruce Bryan is a medical doctor by profession but he now spends most of his time trying to secure funding for his inventions related to bioluminescence. His primary invention is related to the use of green fluorescent proteins in combination with luciferin/luciferases as tumor markers by combining them with appropriate antibodies. I’m not able to explain the details, but you can find more information on Bruce’s homepage. The take home message is that it for instance can improve cancer surgery by litterarily being a “guiding light” for the surgeon.

Bioluminescence is emission of light by living organisms. Glow worms (which include Fire flies) and dinoflagellates are among the best known. Most dinoflagellates are marine plankton and they glow when the water is disturbed, for instance by waves crushing onto the shore or by the propeller of an outboard motor. Sitting in a small motorized boat, crusing through water that is glowing is truly amazing – I got to experience this some years ago! And the chemistry behind is also fascinating – I’ve included a little about that at the end of the post.

A lollipop submerged in a glass with hot water which makes it glow even brighter (yet still requiring 8 seconds of exposure time!).

I had a quick chat with Bruce Bryan in the break following his presentation and he was so kind to give me two lollipops to take home. Of the glowing kind, yes. That’s how I got the pictures in this post. He suggested that I hold a lollipop under hot running water and then spray the water clinging to the lollipop on a wall in a dark bathroom. – You’ll see the universe open up in front of you, Bruce told me enthusiastically. I tried it and you can see a picture below.

Unfortunately it has been hard to find funding for further development and FDA approval of the isolated luciferin/luciferase complexes of use in food. In fact, during his presentation Bruce showed us a slide with the following text:

(…) These “colorants” are not FDA approved and may not be by the patent expiration (10 years) if some broader shoulders don’t get involved. Optimistic estimates are 2 1/2 years and $5 million dollars to get these products approved. (…) we’ve cloned six genes, spent a lot on collection, have put our life savings and mortgages into making rapid chip based diagnostic and cancer imaging applications possible! Tragically we have not had ANY corporate interest.

Considering this it might be true what he jokingly said about the lollipops perhaps being the most expensive candy ever made Even ideas such as “Bud light” or “Pepsi light” (yes, that kind of light) were turned down by the respective companies. The only products to appear so far are various toy items which are available online through Biotoy. Bruce has also set up the companies Prolume, Biolume and Nanolight to further develop and market the technology. His own homepage also has some info and the full text of the patents is easily found with a google search.

The lollipops (top left) I got from Bruce were of a different kind than those in the chocolate surprise box. A nice “stars of the universe” effect was achieved by dipping the lollipop in water and spraying the bathroom wall (top right). The bottom pictures shows my glowing tongue and the lollipop (sorry for the blurry picture – exposure time is 1 second at ISO 1600).

The chemistry behind the glowing lollipops is fascinating. What is required is a luciferin and luciferase. These are not specific compounds but rather generic terms. Luciferin is a compound which acts as a substrate for the reaction that generates light (see list of luciferins) and luciferase is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction. One of the most common luciferins is coentelerazine (shown in the figure below). In the presence of a suitable luciferase and oxygen it is oxidized to coenteleramide. The important thing here is that coenteleramide exists in an excited (energy rich) state. To get rid of the excess energy it emits a photon which we see as light. In the process the substrate (or fuel if you like) is used up and must be provided continously for constant light production. The enzyme luciferase is unchanged by the reaction and can be reused. Further information on coelenterazine chemistry and bioluminescence can be found in the book “Bioluminescence” by Osamu Shimomura who was awarded the 2008 Nobel prize in chemistry (together with Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien) for the discovery of green fluorescent protein.

In the presence of a luciferase and oxygen coentelerazine is oxidized to coenteleramide in an excited state. As coenteleramide reverts back to it’s ground state it emits light. The part of the coentelerazine molecule where the changes occur is indicated with blue color. The cartoon representation of luciferase is taken from Wikimedia Commons.

Update:
Bruce Bryan generously sent me a pack of different glowing candies and lollipops with different tastes and colors. IMO this surely has a market potential!

The label of the green and white lollipops reads: “Ingredients: Sucrose, corn Syrup, Tapioca & Chicory root starch, salt, natural and artificial flavors, 5 mg Renilla Luciferase protein and less than 0.2 mg Coelenterazine a naturally occurring anti-oxidant found in many fish”

To the music of Queen’s “We will rock you” Heston Blumenthal (HB) entered the stage, welcomed by Gene Bervoets (GB) and Bernard Lahousse (BL). Heston started of by telling about his childhood and how Britain in the 60′s was not the place to go for food. You could only get olive oil at the chemist’s because it was not used for consumption! Heston basically grew up without experiencing anything related to gastronomy. However this all changed at the age of 15 when he went to France for a holiday with his familiy. A visit to a Michelin restaurant was to become a decisive moment for Heston. He described it as if it were yeasterday – the sound of the waiters walking on gravels, the lavender smell, how they carved legs of lamb – the whole atmosphere. It was also the first time ever he tasted oysters. He felt a little like Alice in wonderland.

At The Fat Duck, what Heston is essentially trying to do is recreate this restaurant experience with food. When he opened The Fat Duck it was in fact his first paid job, and quite surprisingly he is a self taught chef (with a few exceptions as he has worked a short time for two other chefs). He even helped out when they were renovating the house were The Fat Duck was to be located. Quite amusingly he told about a lady who lived nearby. She let him know that “We’ve had 5 owners in 3 years. We’ve closed closed them all down. We’re gonna close you down as well!“. And even the city council wrote a letter, letting Heston know that they felt the name “Fat Duck” was not suitable – they were afraid people might mix up the F and the D.

GB: Culinary experience is emotions for you?
HB: Yes. Think about your most memorable meal. The food was good, but probably it was the whole setting. Never forget the fact that eating is about gathering together around a table.

GB: What is food pairing for you?
HB: Taste happens in the mouth, aroma is picked up by the nose and in our brain this is all combined. Flavor actually happens in the brain. You can compare it with watching a movie at a cinema. You see the picture and hear the sound – and then it’s all combined in the brain. An important point is that this is the most exciting time in gastronomy ever. There is a openness among chefs. And I think everyone has a duty to give something back to the rest of the community. A couple of years ago I bougth the VCF package. I checked up mandarin and found that it contained neryl acetate, which could also be found in bergamot, ginger, eucalyptus and chocolate. This compound in pure form smelled a little like all of them, and from here I could start creating a dish. Food pairing is a catalyst for creativity.

Being questioned about his intereste in psychology Heston mentioned a study where the sound of chewing was recored and played back with a 0.5 s time delay to the person chewing. This makes it very difficult to chew normally, and by adjusting the volume down one can make crisps taste stale. Inspired by this Heston got the idea to use sound in combination with a dish (and he actually serves a dish which is accompanied by “sounds of the sea” on an ipod which is served together with the food).

Apart from the contact with Peter Barham, Heston has worked with a great number of scientists including Charles Spence (“eating with head phones” experiments), Andy Taylor, Don Mottram and Margot Gosney. He even recently co-authored a scientific paper on differences of umami taste in flesh and pulp of tomates and holds a honorary doctorate at the University of Reading. That’s quite uncommon for a self taught chef, not to mention his OBE! It is also worth mentioning that Heston co-sponsored Rachel Edwards-Stuart’s PhD on methyl cellulose (video interview). Today The Fat Duck has it’s own development kitchen. I had a short talk with Kyle Connaughton who is in charge of this and he let me know that they are 6 people and that some of these have a science background.

Apart from science and psychology, Heston is also interested in how the arts can be used. He has for instance worked with a magician and he hopes to include something inspired by this in the menu. He imagines that it would be very amusing to ask the guests if they want still or sparkling water, and then be able to serve both from the same bottle. And he hopes to create a menu one day in co-operation with someone who writes movie scripts.

In response to people who feel Heston’s cooking relies to much on technology he gave several examples of “normal” kitchen devices which were also new and exotic at some point in time. When electricity first came it was ground breaking, and a lemon juicer made out of glas has also been novel at some point. Heston feels that lab grade equipment should be embraced like all the other technologies and techniques that have entered the kitchen. The important thing is what you do with the technology.

There was a question from the audience if all the mimicking could actually beat the real thing (with reference to how Heston tries to recreate for instance his first Michelin experience. Heston replied by refering to research on how the way an oyster is served can influence the perceived saltiness. Again – the most important thing is how this is used in the restaurant setting. Bernard Lahousse was given the final question:

BL: How will flavor pairing evolve?
HB: As more people do it, it will start to snowball. It’s also a confidence issue. You need confidence to be adventureous!

I got to chat with Heston after his presentation, and he did remember me from the Erice meeting in 2004 where we met the first time

Related posts:
Searching for flavor pairings
They go really well together (food blogging event)
The Big Fat Duck Cookbook

As I mentioned in part 1 of the travel report from Brugge, the highlight (for me at least) of The Flemish Primitives seminar was the surprise box presented to us by Dominique Persoone (owner of The Chocolate Line) and his team which included James Petrie (pastry chef at The Fat Duck), Tony Conigliaro (mixologist, bartender at Roka, blogger) and Bruce Bryan (medical doctor and inventor). As the box was distributed in the auditorium (more than 1000 present, mostly chefs) the instructions were kept very simple: DO NOT OPEN THE BOX! Makes you wonder of course what is inside.

Once all the boxes had been distributed (and expectations had risen to even higher levels) Dominique was ready to give further instructions. Too make a long story short – to acompany each piece of chocolate there was a short video, music/sounds and a smell! For each piece of chocolate the text “EAT NOW!” let us know when to taste the chocolate. I won’t even try to describe how the different elements tasted – and the reason for this is simply that I was so taken by the totality that I stopped noticing details about the separate element. It was really cool and it took me by surprise! But I’ll give you a list of the chocolates and the picture/sound/smell pairings, just to give you a brief idea of the concept.

Dominique Persoone let us know exactly when to eat the chocolate!

1) Breast formed chocolate with pipette containing sweet, white liquid. Picture/video of breast, a baby beeing breast fed and sound of crying baby. Smell of baby filled the room. Verdict: Surprising element when nipple came loose – it was quite chewey!

2) Chocolate on field of grass – the chocolate was in fact flavored with grass extract! Video of a gras lawn being mowed, hot summer day, buzzing insects. The auditorium was filled with the smell of freshly mowed grass – together with the smell of freshly baked bread most people rank this as one of their favorite smells. I asked Bernard Lahousse about the smell and he confirmed that this was a single compound smell which basically means that they used cis-3-hexenal. Verdict: My favorite!

In between chocolate 2 and 3 we had the glowing lollipops – I’ll come back to that in a later post, promise! I have to research the chemistry behind that first

Chocolates are numbered clockwise, starting at top left.

3) Chocolate with crisp crumbles and small chocolate fish oysterganache and crumbled smoked sea-eel. Video of ocean waves. Smell of sea and ocean was spread with large fans on the stage together with a fog producer to get a nice fog effect. Verdict: Ocean smell was quite overpowering

4) A chocolate filled with a watery gel. Video starting with a warm, dusty dessert followed by thunder lightning and ending in a thunder storm with heavy rains. An ocean perfume was distributed by means of balloons that were dropped. Participants who captured a balloon were instructed to puncture the balloon in order to liberate the perfume. Verdict: Watery gel had a very pleasant cooling effect, contrasting the chocolate.

Liver cappuccino served in chocolate cups

Following the chocolate tastings Tony Conigliaro demonstrated a cocktail with “raindrops on leaves” which included a ganache of green tea. There were no tasting samples of this one – and it was too far away for pictures, but Tony had also participated in preparing a coffee based drink that we got to taste in one of the breaks (I’m a bit uncertain about who else participated on this one). A whipped cream prepared with goose liver was combined with coffee and chocolate. When pouring the coffee, the goose liver cream floated up, creating a “liver cappucino”. It tasted nice actually! Only faint hints of the foie gras, but yes – it showed that coffee has more than meets the eye.

Tony mentioned to me that he’s blogging too over at Drink factory. Do check it out!

Long time readers of this blog might remember that I’ve mentioned the aroma jockey Erich Berghammer before. Performing under the artist name Odo7, he blows scents over his audience with huge fans and has stocked up a pantry with exotic spices, roots, leafs, oils, extracts and herbs. The smells are vaporized using hot water. In the post I asked why Odo7 hadn’t been invited to a restaurant yet – I dare say we came quite close during this “chocolate surprise” session. But without doubt, for the next year’s event it would be really cool invite Odo7 for a performance. And if you allow me another wish – since it all took place in a concert hall where acoustics are good and there is a large stage – how about combining Odo7 with taste samples, modern ballet and some really groovy music? With such a combo one would truly approach a Gesamtkunstwerk – a term originally coined by Richard Wagner. At that time in encompassed music, theater and visual arts. I think it’s about time to expand that and include all the senses!

You might now think that this would fit very well in a movie theater, and yes – some thought about that already Smell-o-vision has been a reality for a loooong time. In fact you have to go all the way back to 1916 when rose scent was distributed with the help of an electric fan during a newsreel about the Rose Bowl game. And the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti wrote about multi-modal (=several senses) eating in his “Futurist cookbook” which was published in 1932. Sub sole nihil novi est!

My question for you is: Have you ever tried this? What smell or perfume would you like to serve with your food?

I had a wonderful trip to Brugge/Bruges to attend the foodpairing seminar The Flemish Primitives. I got to meet many interesting people including Heston Blumenthal, Peter Barham, Andrew Dornenburg, Karen Page, Ben Roche and Tony Conigliaro to mention a few. I also finally had the opportunity to talk to my fellow Swedish food bloggers Lisa Förare Winbladh (Matälskaren, Swedish only but Google can translate) and Malin Sandström (Matmolekyler, Swedish only but Google can translate) who’ve recently been awarded money to write a Swedish book about molecular gastronomy for home cooks. I even talked to several people who read Khymos! It’s always nice when I can attach some faces to the crowd out there in the big, unpersonal blogosphere.

As you see from this long post the day was packed and believe it or not – there will be a couple more posts in the next few days. One on the surprise “chocolate box” (for me this was the highlight), a summary of the interview with Heston Blumenthal and some info on the chemistry behind the glowing lollipops! I’ll also try do dig up the recipe for the chocolate dip that came with our lunch fries.


In case you wondered: Peter always wears penguins!

Peter Barham (physicist, author of The science of cooking) started the day by giving an introduction to the scientific approach to cooking. Cooking started a lot of science, and chemistry (and alchemy) has origins that can be traced back to the observation of how food changed when cooked. And as a side note: even the word chemistry is linked to food through the greek word Khymos Until about 100 years ago there was a clear link between cooking and chemistry, but then came a period where scientists mostly did not bother much about food. Until Nicholas Kurti entered the scene: that’s the guy who said that “I think it is a sad reflection on our civilization that while we can and do measure the temperature in the atmosphere of Venus we do not know what goes on inside our soufflés”. Four examples were used to illustrate how science can help chefs.

1) Conflicting reasons are given for why salt should be added to blanching water to retain the green color of vegetables. Contrary to popular belief salt does not raise the boling temperature of the water with more than a fraction of a degree. Science tells us that there really isn’t any good reason for adding salt to the water when blanching vegetables.

2) Science also provides insight to what happens when we heat up meat. When heated the meat first gets tougher. At around 40-45 °C the meat proteins start to denature, and at 55 °C the meat goes from tender to tough. Prolonged heating above 55 °C however will cause the collagen to dissolve into soft gelatin.

3) Thanks to science we now have a vide range of gelling agents (or hydrocolloids if you like) available for use in the kitchen. They can be used to create gels that are hard, soft, tough, elastic, brittle, hot and so on. We can also explain the crunchy and crispy texture of caramel which technically is classified as a “glass”. And we can also understand why ice cream has such a soft texture. This has to do with the very small size of the solid particles in ice cream (they’re typically < 1/10 mm). And a very nice way of achieving this is by making the ice cream with liquid nitrogen so it freezes very fast.

4) Science helps us understand what flavor is and how we perceive flavor using all our senses. For instance our memory plays an important role when our brain interprets a flavor. Your history of eating will influence how your next meal tastes! Sight is also extremely important. This can easily be demonstrated with some white wine and blue/red food coloring. If an unsuspecting subject is asked to describe “white” white wine and white wine colored with blue and red food coloring the descriptions will probably be typical of a white and red wine. Even if you know your are drinking a red colored white wine it is hard to believe that it is the same wine. The color of plates also influences our perception of flavor, so most people find eating from a blue plate unpleasant. Sound influences how we chew and a crunchy sound actually stops our jaws from closing to fast. If the chewing sound is played back with a 0.5 second delay it is almost impossible to eat! It has also been shown that the beat of music influences how fast guests chew, and apparently there is a restaurant in Australia that utilizes this. It has also long been known that touching sand paper or smooth skin can affect the texture of what we eat.

Andrew Dornenburg and Karen Page

Next up were Karen Page and Andrew Dornenburg who presented several of their bestselling books on cooking and flavor, including Culinary Artistry, What to Drink With What you Eat and The Flavor Bible. They made an important point that cooking is the sum of ingredients and technique/preparation. Food science and molecular gastronomy has provided a lot of information on technique, and the example par excellence is Harold McGee’s On food and cooking. However, for ingredients and flavor pairing in particular there hasn’t been any authoritative source available, forcing chefs to cross read a number of cookbooks when looking for new flavors and pairings. It was this realization that motivated them to write Culinary Artistry which is really a thesaurus of classic pairings. I can testify to it’s usefulness – and one example I’ve presented here on the blog are the cherry jams I made with pepper and other spices. Their most recent book, The Flavor Bible, is an updated and expanded edition of Culinary Artistry which includes and reflects the changes in consumer preference in the last decade.

I have emailed a litte with Karen and Andrew previously and got the opportunity to chat with them in the break. – We’re excited to learn about new approaches to flavor pairing, Karen let me know. Andrew added that they hadn’t had the opportunity yet to sample molecularily based food pairings before so they we’re looking forward to try this.

Lorenzo Cerretoni gave a presentation about flavor compounds in olive oil and how they can be paired with Mantis shrimp. After this informative, yet slightly less inspiring talk the Belgian chef Bart de Pooter presented his 4 taste model and how he uses this as a creative approach to create dishes and menus. One concept he promoted was to use ingredients from the same environment. A pheasant for instance walks on grass and eats maize and carrot, so naturally it could also be served together with flavors such as grass, maize and carrot. He also talked about physical and psychic needs and gave a slightly wrong explanation of the flavor pairing hypothesis.

In fact during the whole day there was no proper scientific explanation and discussion of the hypothesis, but Bernard Lahousse – project leader of The Flemish Primitives – did give a popularized version of the hypothesis and an account of how it all started. He explained how the Firmenich scientist François Benzi first stubled across a new way of pairing foods. At one of the Erice meetings he smelled jasmin in a garden and being a flavor scientist knew that this smell was mainly due to indole. Knowing that pork liver also smells of indole he got the idea that jasmine and pork liver might taste nice together – and they did! Bernard did show a picture of a GC-MS and explained how the University of Leuven has been doing food analyses and that only odors with concentrations above the odor thresholds were taken into account. Since he didn’t mention odor activity values (OAV) specifically I asked Bernard about that later and he confirmed that all the data in the food pairing website are now based on odor activity values. Since the first version of the food pairing web site was based on concentration and number of odorants I would expect that this would change some of the pairing charts and Bernard confirmed that this had been the case.

For the event 10 chefs where each given a food product from one of the sponsors. These products were then analyzed and a list of suggested pairings was provided to all the chefs. It should be mentioned that these were top class chefs, but I have to admit that watching chefs cook in real time actually became quite boring after a while, especially since some of the dishes needed seemingly endless steps of preparation. For most of the preparations presented it was also very unclear which of the ingredients used were picked based on the flavor pairing and which were picked by the chef to complete the dish. But the dishes looked absolutely wonderful! Too bad we couldn’t sample them I found two of the dishes particularily interesting (and I think the recipes will be made available on the web). Sang Hoon Degeimbre, chef at L’Air du temps had chosen Leffe beer, but instead of doing a flavor pairing he did a flavor substitution. To achieve this he used several ingredients (shown in the figure below) which when combined would resemble Leffe. In fact he made a dish completely without Leffe that was intented to taste like Leffe – it’s hard to say whether he succeeded or not, but the concept is very interesting! And what warmed the heart of an organic chemist was that Sang Hoon had equipped his kitchen with an erlenmeyer flask and used a glass syringe (looked like a luer lock Hamilton type syringe to me).

Figure from food pairing website. (C) Creax 2008.

The food pairing I found most interesting was the one with Oud Brugge (a cheese), coffee and vanilla. To bind these flavors together chef Gert de Mangeleer from Hertog Jan used potatoes. The surprising element of the dish was the coffee – he sprinkled his dish with freshly ground coffee. The vanilla was applied as a grape seed oil extract of natural vanilla – a nice example of how oil can be used for flavor extraction.

Ben sitting on the stage watching his own video.

- If Einstein had been a chef, he’d probably be like Ben Roche, said presenter Gene Bervoets. Ben is the pastry chef at Homaro Cantu’s Moto restaurant in Chicago – it’s the restaurant where you can chose between a 10 and 20 course menu and then start your meal by eating the menu. Ben’s topic was the Chicago style hot dog and he started off by presenting a mind map of this, resembling the food pairing charts at the food pairing website. Most of his presentation was in fact prerecorded video clips which were really entertaining! His deconstruction/construction of the Chicago style hot dog resulted in a chips & salsa. Evolution of flavor turned the hot dog into pop corn (“less calories than when eating the hot dog”) sprayed with hot dog infused oil and sprinkled with freeze dried garnish. Translation of culture resulted in a Mexican version of “encased meat” using chorizo and a soft taco shell. This dish was also made into a dessert version. Lastly the hot dog was transmogrified into a cartoon dessert version with strawberry sorbet, mint and pistacchios. Hopefully the videos will be made available, but in the mean time you can check out the video of Ben at Taste3.

Although we couldn’t sample the chef’s preparations there a number of tasting samples of different food pairings available in the breaks:

Of these my favorites were the almond thins with mozzarella, fig and ham, and the cooked beef with peanut, chocolate vinagrette and peas. The potato cream was nice, but was a litle overpowered by to much cheese.

Baked beef, cream of peas, peanuts and vinagrette with 70% chocolate

The program session was closed by Albert Adria, younger brother of Ferran Adria. He showed stunning pictures from his coming book natura, accompanied by videos showing how the different elements of the dishes are created. He also showed a short teaser documentary for A day at el Bulli.

Next year’s meeting will be devoted to tools, including one which was presented at the very end of the day with music, ballet dancers and fire works: a reinvention of Ford’s assembly line for mass production of haute cuisine.

I’ve just returned from the conference Euro Food Chem XIV which took place in Paris from August 29th to 31st 2007. One of the topics was “Molecular Gastronomy: objectives, development, international collaboration”, which as you might have guessed, was the reason I went there. There were several oral presentations and a whole number of poster presentations of interest to molecular gastronomists. It was great meeting again people who attended the 2004 Erice meeting. I also had the pleasure of interacting with several of Hervé This’ former and present students who share the same enthusiasm for molecular gastronomy and the application of scientific thinking to home cooking.

Hervé This and myself at the conference dinner (Photo by Daniel Kalnin)

Molecular gastronomy was only one of four topics at the conference, but fortunately Hervé This had arranged a special “Chefs meet scientists” session on the second day of the conference which attracted a large number of people in addition to those attending the EuroFoodChem conference.

The auditorium was packed for the “Chefs meet scientists” session

Following an introduction by Hervé This, there were presentations of molecular gastronomy activities in France, Spain and Portugal. These activities are directed towards both chefs and the general public. Representatives from Air liquide, a manufacturer of liquid nitrogen, had a presentation of various uses of liquid nitrogen for “cooking” purposes, followed by shorter presentations of tools, techniques and ingredients. The molecular gastronomy blogging community was well represented, and I was delighted to meet the people behind Food for design (Bernard Lahousse from Belgium), Jocooking (Joana Moura from Portugal) and Lamargueritaseagita (Jorge Ruiz Carracal from Spain) – their blogs are hereby recommended!

Hervé This fills in on Joana Moura’s presentation

Representatives from Air liquide demonstrating liquid nitrogen applications. In the picture a stainless steel disk has been cooled and is then used as an “inverted griddle”

Anne Cazor from Cuisine Innovation explains clarification of stock using traditional organic chemistry glass ware

All in all the conference and in particular the “Cheefs meet scientists” session and talking to people was truly inspiring and an excellent opportunity for me to catch up on what is moving in molecular gastronomy these days!